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國際標準化組織ISO簡介
發(fā)布日期:2016-01-29

國際標準化組織(英文:International Organization for Standardization,簡稱ISO,成立于1947年2月23日,是制作全世界工商業(yè)國際標準的各國國家標準機構代表的國際標準建立機構,總部設于瑞士日內(nèi)瓦,成員包括162個會員國。該組織自我定義為非政府組織,官方語言是英語、法語和俄語。參加者包括各會員國的國家標準機構和主要公司。

ISO成員

ISO會員分布圖。綠色是會員(members),黑色是非會員,黃色是通訊會員(correspondent members),紅色是預定加入會員(subscriber members)。

中華人民共和國在1978年9月1日以中國標準化協(xié)會的名義參加ISO,并在1982年9月當選并連任理事國(1983年~1994年)。1985年和1989年,分別改由國家標準局和國家技術監(jiān)督局參加。2001年起,在ISO代表中華人民共和國會籍的會員機構是國家標準化管理委員會。

香港和澳門均是ISO通訊成員(correspondent members)。

中華民國原是ISO創(chuàng)始國之一,但目前中華民國已不是ISO成員,但《中華民國國家標準》通常仍參考ISO標準。

ISO與負責電子設備標準的國際電工委員會密切合作。

ISO的國際標準以數(shù)字表示。例如,“ISO 11180:1993”的“11180”是標準號碼,而“1993”是出版年份。

國際標準化組織的簡稱ISO來自于希臘語的單詞isos,意為“相同”,并不是英語或法語名稱的縮寫

2013年09月21日中國標準化專家委員會委員、國際鋼鐵協(xié)會副主席張曉剛,日前當選國際標準化組織(ISO)主席,是ISO自1947年成立以來首由中國人任主席。ISO是國際經(jīng)貿(mào)活動的重要規(guī)則。59歲的張曉剛,曾任鞍鋼集團總經(jīng)理,是中共十八屆紀委委員。

因為中文不是ISO的官方語言,所以ISO標準沒有正式中文名稱。


ISO是一個國際標準化組織,其成員由來自世界上100多個國家的國家標準化團體組成,代表中國參加ISO的國家機構是國家質量監(jiān)督檢驗檢疫總局。ISO與國際電工委員會(IEC)有密切的聯(lián)系,中國參加IEC的國家機構也是國家質量監(jiān)督檢驗檢疫總局。ISO和IEC作為一個整體擔負著制訂全球協(xié)商一致的國際標準的任務,ISO和IEC都是非政府機構,它們制訂的標準實質上是自愿性的,這就意味著這些標準必須是優(yōu)秀的標準,它們會給工業(yè)和服務業(yè)帶來收益,所以他們自覺使用這些標準。ISO和IEC不是聯(lián)合國機構,但它們與聯(lián)合國的許多專門機構保持技術聯(lián)絡關系。ISO和IEC有約1000個專業(yè)技術委員會和分委員會,各會員國以國家為單位參加這些技術委員會和分委員會的活動。ISO和IEC還有約3000個工作組,ISO、IEC每年制訂和修訂1000個國際標準。



標準的內(nèi)容涉及廣泛,從基礎的緊固件、軸承各種原材料到半成品和成品,其技術領域涉及信息技術、交通運輸、農(nóng)業(yè)、保健和環(huán)境等。每個工作機構都有自己的工作計劃,該計劃列出需要制訂的標準項目(試驗方法、術語、規(guī)格、性能要求等)。

ISO的主要功能是為人們制訂國際標準達成一致意見提供一種機制。其主要機構及運作規(guī)則都在一本名為ISO/IEC技術工作導則的文件中予以規(guī)定,其技術結構在ISO是有800個技術委員會和分委員會,它們各有一個主席和一個秘書處,秘書處是由各成員國分別擔任,目前承擔秘書國工作的成員團體有30個,各秘書處與位于日內(nèi)瓦的ISO中央秘書處保持直接聯(lián)系。

通過這些工作機構,ISO已經(jīng)發(fā)布了17000多個國際標準,如ISO公制螺紋、ISO的A4紙張尺寸、ISO的集裝箱系列(目前世界上95%的海運集裝箱都符合ISO標準)、ISO的膠片速度代碼、ISO的開放系統(tǒng)互聯(lián)(OS2)系列(廣泛用于信息技術領域)和有名的ISO9000質量管理系列標準。

此外,ISO還與450個國際和區(qū)域的組織在標準方面有聯(lián)絡關系,特別與國際電信聯(lián)盟(ITU)有密切聯(lián)系。在ISO/IEC系統(tǒng)之外的國際標準機構共有28個。每個機構都在某一領域制訂一些國際標準,通常它們在聯(lián)合國控制之下。一個典型的例子就是世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)。ISO/IEC 制訂的85%的國際標準,剩下的15%由這28個其他國際標準機構制訂。


國際標準化活動最早開始于電子領域,于1906年成立了世界上最早的國際標準化機構——國際電工委員會(IEC)。其他技術領域的工作原先有成立于1926年的國家標準化協(xié)會的國際聯(lián)盟(International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations,簡稱ISA)承擔,重點在于機械工程方面。ISA的工作由于二次大戰(zhàn)在1942年終止。1946年,來自25個國家的代表在倫敦召開會議,決定成立一個新的國際組織,其目的是促進國際間的合作和工業(yè)標準的統(tǒng)一。于是,ISO這一新組織于1947年2月23日正式成立,總部設在瑞士的日內(nèi)瓦。ISO于1951年發(fā)布了第一個標準——工業(yè)長度測量用標準參考溫度。


ISO宗旨是:在世界范圍內(nèi)促進標準化工作的發(fā)展,以利于國際物資交流和互助,并擴大知識、科學、技術和經(jīng)濟方面的合作。

ISO主要任務是:制定國際標準,協(xié)調(diào)世界范圍內(nèi)的標準化工作,與其他國際性組織合作研究有關標準化問題。


ISO組織機構如下:

合格評定委員會(CASCO)

消費者政策委員會(COPOLCO)

發(fā)展中國家事務委員會(DEVCO)

信息系統(tǒng)和服務委員會(INFCO)

特別咨詢小組

ISO的組織結構

ISO的組織結構

技術管理局

技術委員會TC

理事會

中央秘書處

ISO全體大會


ISO的組織機構分為非常設機構和常設機構。ISO的最高權力機構是ISO全體大會(General Assembly),是ISO的非常設機構。1994年以前,全體大會每3年召開一次。全體大會召開時,所有ISO團體成員、通信成員、與ISO有聯(lián)絡關系的國際組織均派代表與會,每個成員有3個正式代表的席位,多于3位以的代表以觀察員的身份與會;全體大會的規(guī)模大約200~260人。大會的主要議程包括年度報告中涉及的有關項目的活動情況、ISO的戰(zhàn)略計劃以及財政情況等。ISO中央秘書處承擔全體大會、全體大會設立的4個政策制定委員會、理事會、技術管理局和通用標準化原理委員會的秘書處的工作。自1994年開始根據(jù)ISO新章程,ISO全體大會改為一年一次。

ISO的主要官員有5位,他們是:ISO主席(President);ISO副主席(政策)(Vice President,Policy),ISO副主席(技術)(Vice President,Technical Management);ISO司庫(Treasurer);ISO秘書長(Secretary—General),所有主要官員由理事會任命,享有終身任期;ISO秘書長負責主持ISO的日常工作。


國際標準由技術委員會(TC)和分技術委員會(SC)經(jīng)過六個階段形成:

第一階段:申請階段;

第二階段:預備階段;

第三階段:委員會階段;

第四階段:審查階段;

第五階段:批準階段;

第六階段:發(fā)布階段。


截止2013年5月,ISO共有163個成員國[2]。

ISO Members by Country

Country A2 Code Country A3 Code Country Code No. Country Name (English) Standards Body ISO Status

AF AFG 004 Afghanistan ANSA Correspondent Member

AL ALB 008 Albania DPS Correspondent Member

DZ DZA 012 Algeria IANOR Member Body

AD AND 020 Andorra IRAM Member Body

AO AGO 024 Angola IANORQ Correspondent Member

AG ATG 028 Antigua & Barbuda ABBS Subscriber Member

AR ARG 032 Argentina IRAM Member Body

AM ARM 051 Armenia SARM Member Body

AU AUS 036 Australia SA Member Body

AT AUT 040 Austria ON Member Body

AZ AZE 031 Azerbaijan AZSTAND Member Body

BS BHS 044 Bahamas - [1]

BH BHR 048 Bahrain BMSD Member Body

BD BGD 050 Bangladesh BSTI Member Body

BB BRB 052 Barbados BNSI Member Body

BY BLR 112 Belarus BELST Member Body

BE BEL 056 Belgium NBN Member Body

BZ BLZ 084 Belize - [1]

BJ BEN 204 Benin CEBENOR Correspondent Member

BT BTN 064 Bhutan SQCA Correspondent Member

BO BOL 068 Bolivia IBNORCA Correspondent Member

BA BIH 070 Bosnia & Herzegovina BASMP Member Body

BW BWA 072 Botswana BOBS Member Body

BR BRA 076 Brazil ABNT Member Body

BN BRB 096 Brunei Darussalam CPRU Correspondent Member

BG BGR 100 Bulgaria BDS Member Body

BF BFA 854 Burkina Faso FASONORM Correspondent Member

BI BDI 108 Burundi BBN Subscriber Member

KH KHM 116 Cambodia ISC Subscriber Member

CM CMR 120 Cameroon CDNQ Correspondent Member

CA CAN 124 Canada SCC Member Body

CV CPV 132 Cape Verde - [1]

CF CAF 140 Central African Republic - [1]

TD TCD 148 Chad - [1]

CL CHL 52 Chile INN Member Body

CN CHN 156 China SAC Member Body

CO COL 170 Colombia ICONTEC Member Body

KM COM 174 Comoros - [1]

CG COG 178 Congo, Republic of the - [1]

CD(ZR) COD 180 Congo, Democratic Republic of the (Zaire) OCC Member Body

CR CRI 188 Costa Rica INTECO Member Body

CI CIV 384 C?te d'Ivoire CODINORM Member Body

HR HRV 191 Croatia HZN Member Body

CU CUB 192 Cuba NC Member Body

CY CYP 196 Cyprus CYS Member Body

CZ CZE 203 Czech Republic CNI Member Body

DK DNK 208 Denmark DS Member Body

DJ DJI 262 Djibouti - [1]

DM DMA 212 Dominica DBOS Subscriber Member

DO DOM 214 Dominican Republic DIGINOR Correspondent Member

EC ECU 218 Ecuador INEN Member Body

EG EGY 818 Egypt EOS Member Body

SV SLV 222 El Salvador CONACYT Correspondent Member

GQ GNQ 226 Equatorial Guinea - [1]

ER ERI 232 Eritrea ESI Correspondent Member

EE EST 233 Estonia EVS Correspondent Member

ET ETH 231 Ethiopia QSAE Member Body

FJ FJI 242 Fiji FTSQCO Member Body

FI FIN 246 Finland SFS Member Body

FR FRA 250 France AFNOR Member Body

GA GAB 266 Gabon CNTT Correspondent Member

GM GMB 270 Gambia, The - [1]

GE GEO 268 Georgia GEOSTM Correspondent Member

DE DEU 276 Germany DIN Member Body

GH GHA 288 Ghana GSB Member Body

GR GRC 300 Greece ELOT Member Body

GD GRD 308 Grenada - [1]

GT GTM 320 Guatemala COGUANOR Correspondent Member

GN GIN 324 Guinea INNM Correspondent Member

GW GNB 624 Guinea-Bissau DSNPQ Correspondent Member

GY GUY 328 Guyana GNBS Subscriber Member

HT HTI 332 Haiti - [1]

HN HND 340 Honduras COHCIT Subscriber Member

HK HKG 344 Hong Kong, China ITCHKSAR Correspondent Member

HU HUN 348 Hungary MSZT Member Body

IS ISL 352 Iceland IST Member Body

IN IND 356 India BIS Member Body

ID IDN 360 Indonesia BSN Member Body

IR IRN 364 Iran, Islamic Republic of ISIRTI Member Body

IQ IRW 368 Iraq COSQC Member Body

IE IRL 372 Ireland NSAI Member Body

IL ISR 376 Israel SII Member Body

IT ITA 380 Italy UNI Member Body

JM JAM 388 Jamaica JBS Member Body

JP JPN 392 Japan JISC Member Body

JO JOR 400 Jordan JISM Member Body

KZ KAZ 398 Kazakhstan KAZMEMST Member Body

KE KEN 404 Kenya KEBS Member Body

KI KIR 296 Kiribati - [1]

KP PRK 408 Korea, Democratic People's Republic CSK Member Body

KR KOR 410 Korea, Republic of KATS Member Body

KW KWT 414 Kuwait KOWSMD Member Body

KG KGZ 417 Kyrgyzstan KYRGYZST Correspondent Member

LA LAO 418 Laos (Lao People's Democratic Republic) DISM Subscriber Member

LV LVA 428 Latvia LVS Correspondent Member

LB LBN 422 Lebanon LIBNOR Member Body

LS LSO 426 Lesotho LSQAS Subscriber Member

LR LBR 430 Liberia - [1]

LY LBY 434 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya LNCSM Member Body

LI LIE 438 Liechtenstein - [1]

LT LTU 440 Lithuania LST Correspondent Member

LU LUX 442 Luxembourg SEE Member Body

MO MAC 446 Macau (Macau China) CPTTM Correspondent Member

MK MKD 807 Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of ISRM Member Body

MG MDG 450 Madagascar BNM Correspondent Member

MW MWI 454 Malawi MBS Correspondent Member

MY MYS 458 Malaysia DSM Member Body

MV MDV 462 Maldives - [1]

ML MLI 466 Mali MLIDNI Correspondent Member

MT MLT 470 Malta MSA Member Body

MH MHL 584 Marshall Islands - [1]

MR MRT 478 Mauritania - [1]

MU MUS 480 Mauritius MSB Member Body

MX MEX 484 Mexico DGN Member Body

FM FSM 583 Micronesia, Federated States Of - [1]

MD MDA 498 Moldova, Republic of MOLDST Correspondent Member

MC MCO 492 Monaco - [1]

MN MNG 496 Mongolia MASM Member Body

(YS)[2] - - Montenegro ISME Correspondent Member

MA MAR 504 Morocco SNIMA Member Body

MZ MOZ 508 Mozambique INNOQ Correspondent Member

MM MMR 104 Myanmar MSTRD Correspondent Member

NA NAM 516 Namibia NSIQO Correspondent Member

NR NRU 520 Nauru - [1]

NP NPL 524 Nepal NBSM Correspondent Member

NL NLD 528 The Netherlands NEN Member Body

NZ NZL 554 New Zealand SNZ Member Body

NI NIC 558 Nicaragua DTNM Correspondent Member

NE NER 562 Niger DNQM Correspondent Member

NG NGA 566 Nigeria SON Member Body

NO NOR 578 Norway SN Member Body

OM OMN 512 Oman DGSM Member Body

PK PAK 586 Pakistan PSQCA Member Body

PW PLW 585 Palau - [1]

PS PSE 275 Palestinian State[3] PSI Correspondent Member

PA PAN 591 Panama COPANIT Member Body

PG PNG 598 Papua New Guinea NISIT Correspondent Member

PY PRY 600 Paraguay INTN Correspondent Member

PE PER 604 Peru INDECOPI Member Body

PH PHL 608 The Philippines BPS Member Body

PL POL 616 Poland PKN Member Body

PT PRT 620 Portugal IPQ Member Body

QA QAT 634 Qatar QS Member Body

RO ROU 642 Romania ASRO Member Body

RU RUS 643 Russian Federation GOST R Member Body

RW RWA 646 Rwanda RBS Correspondent Member

KN KNA 659 St. Kitts & Nevis - [1]

LC LCA 662 St. Lucia SLBS Member Body

VC VCT 670 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines SVGBS Subscriber Member

WS WSM 882 Samoa - [1]

SM SMR 674 San Marino - [1]

ST STP 678 S?o Tomé & Príncipe - [1]

SA SAU 682 Saudi Arabia SASO Member Body

SN SEN 686 Senegal ASN Correspondent Member

CS SCG 891 Serbia ISS Member Body

SC SYC 690 Seychelles SBS Correspondent Member

SL SLE 694 Sierra Leone - [1]

SG SGP 702 Singapore SPRING SG Member Body

SK SVK 703 Slovakia SUTN Member Body

SI SVN 705 Slovenia SIST Member Body

SB SLB 090 Solomon Islands - [1]

SO SOM 706 Somalia - [1]

ZA ZAF 710 South Africa SABS Member Body

ES ESP 724 Spain AENOR [1]. Member Body

LK LKA 144 Sri Lanka SLSI Member Body

SD SDN 736 Sudan SSMO Member Body

SR SUR 740 Suriname SSB Subscriber member

SZ SWZ 748 Swaziland SQAS Correspondent Member

SE SWE 752 Sweden SIS Member Body

CH CHE 756 Switzerland SNV Member Body

SY SYR 760 Syrian Arab Republic SASMO Member Body

TW TWN 158 Taiwan - [1]

TJ TJK 762 Tajikistan TJKSTN Correspondent Member

TZ TZA 834 Tanzania, United Republic of TBS Member Body

TH THA 764 Thailand TISI Member Body

TL(TP) TLS 206 Timor Leste, Democratic Republic of (East Timor) - [1]

TG TGO 768 Togo CSN Correspondent Member

TO TON 776 Tonga - [1]

TT TTO 780 Trinidad & Tobago TTBS Member Body

TN TUN 788 Tunisia INNORPI Member Body

TR TUR 792 Turkey TSE Member Body

TM TKM 795 Turkmenistan MSST Correspondent Member

TV TUV 798 Tuvalu - [1]

UG UGA 800 Uganda UNBS Correspondent Member

UA UKR 804 Ukraine DSSU Member Body

AE ARE 784 United Arab Emirates ESMA Member Body

UK GBR 826 United Kingdom (Great Britain) BSI Member Body [4][5]

US USA 840 United States ANSI Member Body

UY URY 858 Uruguay UNIT Member Body

UZ UZB 860 Uzbekistan UZSTANDARD Member Body

VU VUT 548 Vanuatu - [1]

VA VAT 336 Vatican City (Holy See) - [1]

VE VEN 862 Venezuela FONDONORMA Member Body

VN VNM 704 Vietnam TCVN Member Body

EH ESH 732 Western Sahara - [1]

YE YEM 887 Yemen YSMO Correspondent Member

ZM ZMB 894 Zambia ZABS Correspondent Member

ZW ZWE 816 Zimbabwe SAZ Member Body

1.Does not have representation in ISO under any membership class as of January 2008.

2.Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia were part of Former Yugoslavia. Although it is a country, ISO 3166-1993 (E) does not separately list Montenegro.

3.Although not technically a Country, the Palestinian State has representation in ISO as if it was.

4.Although technically the official country name for the 'UK' is the 'United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland' it is referred to as 'Great Britain' by the ISO.

5.Although technically they are Countries, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are not listed separately from Great Britain in ISO 3166-1993 (E) and do not have their own ISO representation.


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